10- Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, 327-28
11- See, Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies; Barbara Geddes, “What We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2 (June 1999)
12- Samuel Huntington, Political Order; Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, Beyond Patronage: Violent Struggle, Ruling Party Cohesion and Authoritarian Durability,” Perspective on Politics 10 (December 2012): 869-89
13- Jocelyn Alexander, “ The Local State in Post-War Mozambique: Political Practice and Ideas about Authority,” Africa 67, no 1 (1997
14- Robert Service, the Bolshevik Party in Revolution, 1917-1923: A Study in Organization Change (London: Macmillan Press, (1979), 95, 93, 92, 133.
15- Adrienne Le BAS, Form Protest to Party- Building and Democratization in Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 44,47
16- Milan Svolik, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule ( New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012) 4-5, 10-12
17- See Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions, and Huntington, Political Order, 311-13
18- Jorge I. Dominguez, “The Cuban Army,” in Jonathan Adelman, ed. Communist Armies in Politics (Boulder, Colo.: West view, 1981) 45-46,54; William Turley, “The Vietnamese Army,” in Jonathan Adelman, ed. Communist Armies in Politics 66-68; Roderic Ai Camp, Mexico’s Military on the Democratic stage (Washington, DC.; Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2005), 45; Dennis Gilbert, Sandinistas: The Party and the Revolution (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988) 52; Norma Krieger, “Zimbabwe Today: Hope Against Grim Realities, “ Review of Africa Political Economy 27 (Sep 2000): 443-50.
19- Amos Perlmutter, the Military and Politics in Modern Times (New Haven: University Press, 1977), 206, 15.
20- J.Cajina, Transicion Politica y reconversion military en Nicaragua, 1990-1995 (Managua, Nicaragua: CRIES, 1997), 125; Kenneth Katzman, The Warriors of Islam: Iran’s Revolutionary Guard (Boulder, Colo.: West view Press, 1993), 23; David Shambaugh, “The Soldier and the State in China: The Political Work System in the People’s Liberation Army,” China Quarterly, no. 127 (Sep 1991): 530; Turley, “Vietnamese Army,” 66-68
21- Eric Nordlinger, Soldiers in Politics, Military Coups and Governments (London: Prentice Hall, 1977), 17
22- Skocpol, State and Revolutions; see also Ted R. Gurr, : War, Revolution, and the Growth of the Coercive State,” Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988)” 45-65
23- Ted R. Gurr, : ”War, Revolution, and the Growth of the Coercive State,” 57
24- Dominguez, “Cuban Army,” 47; J.Cajina, Transicion Politica.
25- ; Steven Levitsky and Lucan A.Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After Cold War (( New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010): 57-59
26- Eva Bellin,” Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring, “Comparative Politics 44 (Jan 2012): 131-32
27- On this transformation, see Kenneth Jowitt, New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992)